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| 关键词： Application Accept HTTP nbsp server WAF 检测 Cookie 25.0 信息 |
Web应用防护系统（也称：网站应用级入侵防御系统。英文：Web Application Firewall，简称： WAF）。利用国际上公认的一种说法：Web应用防火墙是通过执行一系列针对HTTP/HTTPS的安全策略来专门为Web应用提供保护的一款产品。本文介绍了常见的WAF指纹识别的一些技术，详见如下：WAF指纹 Cookie值Citrix Netscaler“Citrix Netscaler”会在HTTP返回头部Cookie位置加入“ns_af”的值，可以以此判断为Citrix Netscaler的WAF，国内此类WAF很少（这货居然是searchsecurity认定的2013最好的防火墙）。一个恶意的请求示例： GET / HTTP/1.1Host: target.comUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:25.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/25.0Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateCookie: ASPSESSIONIDAQQSDCSC=HGJHINLDNMNFHABGPPBNGFKC; ns_af=31+LrS3EeEOBbxBV7AWDFIEhrn8A000;ns_af_.target.br_%2F_wat=QVNQU0VTU0lPTklEQVFRU0RDU0Nf?6IgJizHRbTRNuNoOpbBOiKRET2gA&Connection: keep-aliveCache-Control: max-age=0F5 BIG IP ASM F5 BiG IP ASM会在Cookie中加入“TS+随机字符串”的Cookie信息，一个非恶意的请求如下：GET / HTTP/1.1Host: www.target.comUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:25.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/25.0Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateCookie: target_cem_tl=40FC2190D3B2D4E60AB22C0F9EF155D5; s_fid=77F8544DA30373AC-31AE8C79E13D7394; s_vnum=1388516400627%26vn%3D1; s_nr=1385938565978-New; s_nr2=1385938565979-New; s_lv=1385938565980; s_vi=[CS]v1|294DCEC0051D2761-40000143E003E9DC[CE]; fe_typo_user=7a64cc46ca253f9889675f9b9b79eb66; TSe3b54b=36f2896d9de8a61cf27aea24f35f8ee1abd1a43de557a25c529fe828; TS65374d=041365b3e678cba0e338668580430c26abd1a43de557a25c529fe8285a5ab5a8e5d0f299Connection: keep-aliveCache-Control: max-age=0HTTP响应Mod_SecurityMod_Security是为Apache设计的开源Web防护模块，一个恶意的请求Mod_Security会在响应头返回“406 Not acceptable”的信息。请求： GET /<script>alert(1);</script>HTTP/1.1Host: www.target.comUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:25.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/25.0Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateConnection: keep-alive响应：HTTP/1.1 406 Not AcceptableDate: Thu, 05 Dec 2013 03:33:03 GMTServer: ApacheContent-Length: 226Keep-Alive: timeout=10, max=30Connection: Keep-AliveContent-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1< head><title>Not Acceptable!</title></head><body><h1>Not Acceptable!</h1><p>An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server. This error was generated by Mod_Security.</p></body></html>WebKnightWebKnight是用来设计在IIS下面使用的WAF设备，较为常见。WebKnight会对恶意的请求返回“999 No Hacking”的信息。请求： GET /?PageID=99<script>alert(1);</script>HTTP/1.1Host: www.aqtronix.comUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:25.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/25.0Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateConnection: keep-alive响应：HTTP/1.1 999 No HackingServer: WWW Server/1.1Date: Thu, 05 Dec 2013 03:14:23 GMTContent-Type: text/html; charset=windows-1252Content-Length: 1160Pragma: no-cacheCache-control: no-cacheExpires: Thu, 05 Dec 2013 03:14:23 GMTF5 BIG IPF5 BIG IP会对恶意请求返回“419 Unknown”的信息，如下： GET /<script> HTTP/1.0HTTP/1.1 419 UnknownCache-Control: no-cacheContent-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-15Pragma: no-cacheContent-Length: 8140Date: Mon, 25 Nov 2013 15:22:44 GMTConnection: keep-aliveVary: Accept-EncodingdotDefenderdotDefender用来防护.net的程序，也比较出名，会对恶意请求返回“dotDefender Blocked Your Request”的信息。请求： GET /---HTTP/1.1Host: www.acc.comUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:25.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/25.0Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflateConnection: keep-aliveCache-Control: max-age=0响应： HTTP/1.1 200 OKCache-Control: no-cacheContent-Type: text/htmlVary: Accept-EncodingServer: Microsoft-IIS/7.5X-Powered-By: ASP.NETDate: Thu, 05 Dec 2013 03:40:14 GMTContent-Length: 2616< !DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd">< html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">< head>< title>dotDefender Blocked Your Request</title>……特定资源文件部分特定WAF在返回的告警页面含特定的CSS或者JS文件，可以作为判断的依据，这类情况在WAF类里比较少，实际也可以归并到HTTP响应中。看2个样例： <html> <body style="margin:0; padding:0"> <center><iframe width="100%" align="center" height="870" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" src="http://safe.webscan.360.cn/stopattack.html"></iframe></center> </body> </html>HTTP/1.1 405 Not AllowedServer: ASERVER/1.2.9-3Date: Fri, 27 Dec 2013 14:15:14 GMTContent-Type: text/htmlConnection: keep-aliveX-Powered-By-Anquanbao: MISS from uni-tj-ky-sb3Content-Length: 7188< div class="wrapper">< div class="titlelogo"></div>< div class="err_tips">由于您访问的URL有可能对网站造成安全威胁，您的访问被阻断。</div>< div class="feedback">< form action="http://report.anquanbao.com/api.php" method="post">< input type="hidden" name="black_code" value="" class="hidden_rule_id" />< input type="hidden" name="deny_time" value="" class="hidden_intercept_time" />< input type="hidden" name="server_id" value="" class="hidden_server_title" />< input type="hidden" name="deny_url" value="" class="deny_url" />< input type="submit" class="submit_img" value="" />< /form>< /div>< div class="detailcontent">< div class="detailupimg">< a href="javascript：;">站长点击查看详情</a>< /div>< div class="detaildownimg ">< a href="javascript：;">站长点击查看详情</a>< /div>< div class="hiddeninfo">规则ID:<span class="rule_id">10384</span>< span style="margin-left:20px">拦截时间：</span><span class="intercept_time">2013/12/27 22:15:14</span>< div class="hiddeninfosecond">< span style="padding-top:20px">ServerName：</span><span class="server_title" style="padding-top:20px">uni-tj-ky-sb3/1.2.9-3</span>< /div>< div class="hiddeninfothird">WAF识别工具 一些WAF可以自定义返回的消息内容，或者全部返回自定义的404页面或200页面，有一些工具会协助作为WAF设备的识别。Wafw00f用python编写的一个小工具，开源地址：http://code.google.com/p/waffit/source/browse/trunk/wafw00f.pyWafw00f用来判断WAF设备的函数如下： AdminFolder = '/Admin_Files/'xssstring = '<script>alert(1)</script>'dirtravstring = '../../../../etc/passwd'cleanhtmlstring = '<invalid>hello'isaservermatch = 'Forbidden ( The server denied the specified Uniform Resource Locator (URL). Contact the server administrator. )'使用“python wafw00f.py -h”可以查看工具的使用方法，运行示例： python wafw00f.py http://www.victim.org/基于Cookie的检测Wafw00f的探测大部分是基于Cookie的检测。F5asm的检测规则如下： def isf5asm(self):# credit goes to W3AFreturn self.matchcookie('^TS[a-zA-Z0-9]{3,6}=')基于响应头的检测Profense在响应头会包含'server','profense'的信息。 def isprofense(self):"""Checks for server headers containing "profense""""return self.matchheader(('server','profense'))sqlmapSqlmap是一款检测和利用SQLi漏洞工具，也是基于python编写，业内认同率较高，sqlmap用来探测WAF类型想比较Wafw00f来说还多一些。参考：https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/tree/master/wafSqlmap用来探测每种WAF设备都是一个python文件，同样是从cookie信息或者返回头信息进行判断。以Mod_Security为例 #!/usr/bin/env python"""Copyright (c) 2006-2013 sqlmap developers (http://sqlmap.org/)See the file 'doc/COPYING' for copying permission"""import refrom lib.core.enums import HTTP_HEADERfrom lib.core.settings import WAF_ATTACK_VECTORS__product__ = "ModSecurity: Open Source Web Application Firewall (Trustwave)"def detect(get_page):retval = Falsefor vector in WAF_ATTACK_VECTORS:page, headers, code = get_page(get=vector)retval = code == 501 and re.search(r"Reference #[0-9A-Fa-f.]+", page, re.I) is Noneretval |= re.search(r"Mod_Security|NOYB", headers.get(HTTP_HEADER.SERVER, ""), re.I) is not Noneif retval:breakreturn retvalSqlmap用来探测WAF的命令如下： python sqlmap.py -u “http://www.victim.org/ex.php?id=1” --identify-waf貌似必须是或自己修改的类似动态参数才能使用。xenoitx检测和利用XSS漏洞的神器，WAF检测也是其中的功能之一。 |
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