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| 关键词： nbsp 命令 archive tar file files directory preserve 写法 options |
环境 Linux HA5-139JK 2.6.18-164.el5 #1 SMP Tue Aug 18 15:51:48 EDT 2009 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux Linux命令很多，但对格式本身解读的文章几乎是空白，都在凭对格式的猜测来写命令，就此在网上搜集此类资料都很少而且很不全面，想找官方的，也没找到。根据自己的理解写一篇出来，希望对初学者有用。 一、命令的一般格式 command [options] [arguments] command：命令 options：--单词 或 -单字 arguments：参数，有时候选项也带参数。 二、命令格式中的符号含义 在查看命令帮助时，会出现[],<>,|等符号，它们的含义如下： [] 表示是可选的; <> 表示可变选项，一般是多选一，而且必须是要选其一。 x|y|z 多选一，如果加上[]，可不选。 -abc 多选，如果加上[]，可不选。 三、常见命令格式的举例说明 对于命令格式中常常可以看到如下的格式： 1、[ --atime-preserve ]，表示一个可选选项。 2、[ -B, --read-full-records ]，表示一个可选选项，简写为-B，完整写法是--read-full-records，两者在用的时候只能选择其一，它们的功能都是完全一样的。一般带“-”开头的选项都是简写，“--”开头的命令都是完整写法，并且，一般的选择都有一个简写，一个完整写法，简写写在前面，完整写法写在后面，中间用逗号分割。 3、[ -b, --blocking-factor N ]，表示一个可选选项，简写为-b N，完整写法是--blocking-factor N，N代表这个参数需要一个值，在详细描述中可以看到。当然，选项可以带参数，也可以不带参数，大部分选项是没有参数的，相当于控制开关。命令的书写如：tar -b=10000 -cvf com.tar.gz com 4、[ -F, --info-script F --new-volume-script F ]，表示有两个同时存在的可选命令，-F F --new-volume-script F，两个选项必须同时出现，在此，后面的选项没有简写。 5、[ -z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip ]，表示一个可选选项，它的写法有多种，除了-z之外，其他的都是它的完整写法。 6、[ -[0-7][lmh] ]，表示嵌套的可选选项，0-7表示取值从0到7取一个。 四、通过tar命令行来解读Unix命令： [kf139@HA5-139JK bin]$ man tar TAR(1) tar TAR(1) NAME（名称） tar - The GNU version of the tar archiving utility SYNOPSIS（大纲） tar <operation> [options] Operations:（操作选项） [-]A --catenate --concatenate [-]c --create [-]d --diff --compare [-]r --append [-]t --list [-]u --update [-]x --extract --get --delete Common Options:（公共选项） -C, --directory DIR -f, --file F -j, --bzip2 -p, --preserve-permissions -v, --verbose -z, --gzip All Options:（所有选项） [ --atime-preserve ] [ -b, --blocking-factor N ] [ -B, --read-full-records ] [ --backup BACKUP-TYPE ] [ --block-compress ] [ -C, --directory DIR ] [ --check-links ] [ --checkpoint ] [ -f, --file [HOSTNAME:]F ] [ -F, --info-script F --new-volume-script F ] [ --force-local ] [ --format FORMAT ] [ -g, --listed-incremental F ] [ -G, --incremental ] [ --group GROUP ] [ -h, --dereference ] [ --help ] [ -i, --ignore-zeros ] [ --ignore-case ] [ --ignore-failed-read ] [ --index-file FILE ] [ -j, --bzip2 ] [ -k, --keep-old- files ] [ -K, --starting-file F ] [ --keep-newer-files ] [ -l, --one-file-system ] [ -L, --tape-length N ] [ -m, --touch, --modifica- tion-time ] [ -M, --multi-volume ] [ --mode PERMISSIONS ] [ -N, --after-date DATE, --newer DATE ] [ --newer-mtime DATE ] [ --no- anchored ] [ --no-ignore-case ] [ --no-recursion ] [ --no-same-permissions ] [ --no-wildcards ] [ --no-wildcards-match-slash ] [ --null ] [ --numeric-owner ] [ -o, --old-archive, --portability, --no-same-owner ] [ -O, --to-stdout ] [ --occurrence NUM ] [ --overwrite ] [ --overwrite-dir ] [ --owner USER ] [ -p, --same-permissions, --preserve-permissions ] [ -P, --absolute-names ] [ --pax-option KEYWORD-LIST ] [ --posix ] [ --preserve ] [ --acls ] [ --selinux ] [ --xattrs ] [ --no-acls ] [ --no-selinux ] [ --no- xattrs ] [ -R, --block-number ] [ --record-size SIZE ] [ --recursion ] [ --recursive-unlink ] [ --remove-files ] [ --rmt-command CMD ] [ --rsh-command CMD ] [ -s, --same-order, --preserve-order ] [ -S, --sparse ] [ --same-owner ] [ --show-defaults ] [ --show-omitted- dirs ] [ --strip-components NUMBER, --strip-path NUMBER (1) ] [ --suffix SUFFIX ] [ -T, --files-from F ] [ --totals ] [ -U, --unlink-first ] [ --use-compress-program PROG ] [ --utc ] [ -v, --verbose ] [ -V, --label NAME ] [ --version ] [ --volno-file F ] [ -w, --interactive, --confirmation ] [ -W, --verify ] [ --wildcards ] [ --wildcards-match-slash ] [ --exclude PATTERN ] [ -X, --exclude-from FILE ] [ -Z, --compress, --uncompress ] [ -z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip ] [ -[0-7][lmh] ] (1) tar-1.14 uses --strip-path, tar-1.14.90+ uses --strip-components DESCRIPTION（描述） This manual page documents the GNU version of tar, an archiving program designed to store and extract files from an archive file known as a tarfile. A tarfile may be made on a tape drive, however, it is also common to write a tarfile to a normal file. The first argu- ment to tar must be one of the options Acdrtux, followed by any optional functions. The final arguments to tar are the names of the files or directories which should be archived. The use of a directory name always implies that the subdirectories below should be included in the archive. EXAMPLES（例子） tar -xvf foo.tar verbosely extract foo.tar tar -xzf foo.tar.gz extract gzipped foo.tar.gz tar -cjf foo.tar.bz2 bar/ create bzipped tar archive of the directory bar called foo.tar.bz2 tar -xjf foo.tar.bz2 -C bar/ extract bzipped foo.tar.bz2 after changing directory to bar tar -xzf foo.tar.gz blah.txt extract the file blah.txt from foo.tar.gz FUNCTION LETTERS（功能选项） One of the following options must be used: -A, --catenate, --concatenate append tar files to an archive -c, --create create a new archive -d, --diff, --compare find differences between archive and file system -r, --append append files to the end of an archive -t, --list list the contents of an archive -u, --update only append files that are newer than the existing in archive -x, --extract, --get extract files from an archive --delete delete from the archive (not for use on mag tapes!) COMMON OPTIONS（公共选项） -C, --directory DIR change to directory DIR -f, --file [HOSTNAME:]F use archive file or device F (default "-", meaning stdin/stdout) -j, --bzip2 filter archive through bzip2, use to decompress .bz2 files -p, --preserve-permissions extract all protection information -v, --verbose verbosely list files processed -z, --gzip, --ungzip filter the archive through gzip ALL OPTIONS（所有选项） --atime-preserve don’t change access times on dumped files -b, --blocking-factor N block size of Nx512 bytes (default N=20) -B, --read-full-blocks reblock as we read (for reading 4.2BSD pipes) --backup BACKUP-TYPE backup files instead of deleting them using BACKUP-TYPE simple or numbered --block-compress block the output of compression program for tapes -C, --directory DIR change to directory DIR --check-links warn if number of hard links to the file on the filesystem mismatch the number of links recorded in the archive --checkpoint print directory names while reading the archive -f, --file [HOSTNAME:]F use archive file or device F (default "-", meaning stdin/stdout) -F, --info-script F --new-volume-script F run script at end of each tape (implies --multi-volume) --force-local archive file is local even if has a colon --format FORMAT selects output archive format v7 - Unix V7 oldgnu - GNU tar <=1.12 gnu - GNU tar 1.13 ustar - POSIX.1-1988 posix - POSIX.1-2001 -g, --listed-incremental F create/list/extract new GNU-format incremental backup -G, --incremental create/list/extract old GNU-format incremental backup -h, --dereference don’t dump symlinks; dump the files they point to --help like this manpage, but not as cool -i, --ignore-zeros ignore blocks of zeros in archive (normally mean EOF) --ignore-case ignore case when excluding files --ignore-failed-read don’t exit with non-zero status on unreadable files --index-file FILE send verbose output to FILE instead of stdout -j, --bzip2 filter archive through bzip2, use to decompress .bz2 files -k, --keep-old-files keep existing files; don’t overwrite them from archive -K, --starting-file F begin at file F in the archive --keep-newer-files do not overwrite files which are newer than the archive -l, --one-file-system stay in local file system when creating an archive -L, --tape-length N change tapes after writing N*1024 bytes -m, --touch, --modification-time don’t extract file modified time -M, --multi-volume create/list/extract multi-volume archive --mode PERMISSIONS apply PERMISSIONS while adding files (see chmod(1)) -N, --after-date DATE, --newer DATE only store files newer than DATE --newer-mtime DATE like --newer, but with a DATE --no-anchored match any subsequenceof the name’s components with --exclude --no-ignore-case use case-sensitive matching with --exclude --no-recursion don’t recurse into directories --no-same-permissions apply user’s umask when extracting files instead of recorded permissions --no-wildcards don’t use wildcards with --exclude --no-wildcards-match-slash wildcards do not match slashes (/) with --exclude --null --files-from reads null-terminated names, disable --directory --numeric-owner always use numbers for user/group names -o, --old-archive, --portability like --format=v7; -o exhibits this behavior when creating an archive (deprecated behavior) -o, --no-same-owner do not attempt to restore ownership when extracting; -o exhibits this behavior when extracting an archive -O, --to-stdout extract files to standard output --occurrence NUM process only NUM occurrences of each named file; used with --delete, --diff, --extract, or --list --overwrite overwrite existing files and directory metadata when extracting --overwrite-dir overwrite directory metadata when extracting --owner USER change owner of extraced files to USER -p, --same-permissions, --preserve-permissions extract all protection information -P, --absolute-names don’t strip leading ‘/’s from file names --pax-option KEYWORD-LIST used only with POSIX.1-2001 archives to modify the way tar handles extended header keywords --posix like --format=posix --preserve like --preserve-permissions --same-order --acls this option causes tar to store each file’s ACLs in the archive. --selinux this option causes tar to store each file’s SELinux security context information in the archive. --xattrs this option causes tar to store each file’s extended attributes in the archive. This option also enables --acls and--selinux if they haven’t been set already, due to the fact that the data for those are stored in special xattrs. --no-acls This option causes tar not to store each file’s ACLs in the archive and not to extract any ACL information in an archive. --no-selinux this option causes tar not to store each file’s SELinux security context information in the archive and not to extract any SELinux information in an archive. --no-xattrs this option causes tar not to store each file’s extended attributes in the archive and not to extract any extended attributes in an archive. This option also enables --no-acls and --no-selinux if they haven’t been set already. -R, --record-number show record number within archive with each message --record-size SIZE use SIZE bytes per record when accessing archives --recursion recurse into directories --recursive-unlink remove existing directories before extracting directories of the same name --remove-files remove files after adding them to the archive --rmt-command CMD use CMD instead of the default /usr/sbin/rmt --rsh-command CMD use remote CMD instead of rsh(1) -s, --same-order, --preserve-order list of names to extract is sorted to match archive -S, --sparse handle sparse files efficiently --same-owner create extracted files with the same ownership --show-defaults display the default options used by tar --show-omitted-dirs print directories tar skips while operating on an archive --strip-components NUMBER, --strip-path NUMBER strip NUMBER of leading components from file names before extraction (1) tar-1.14 uses --strip-path, tar-1.14.90+ uses --strip-components --suffix SUFFIX use SUFFIX instead of default ’~’ when backing up files -T, --files-from F get names to extract or create from file F --totals print total bytes written with --create -U, --unlink-first remove existing files before extracting files of the same name --use-compress-program PROG access the archive through PROG which is generally a compression program --utc display file modification dates in UTC -v, --verbose verbosely list files processed -V, --label NAME create archive with volume name NAME --version print tar program version number --volno-file F keep track of which volume of a multi-volume archive its working in FILE; used with --multi-volume -w, --interactive, --confirmation ask for confirmation for every action -W, --verify attempt to verify the archive after writing it --wildcards use wildcards with --exclude --wildcards-match-slash wildcards match slashes (/) with --exclude --exclude PATTERN exclude files based upon PATTERN -X, --exclude-from FILE exclude files listed in FILE -Z, --compress, --uncompress filter the archive through compress -z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip filter the archive through gzip --use-compress-program PROG filter the archive through PROG (which must accept -d) -[0-7][lmh] specify drive and density BUGS（缺陷） The GNU folks, in general, abhor man pages, and create info documents instead. The maintainer of tar falls into this category. Thus this man page may not be complete, nor current, and was included in the Red Hat CVS tree because man is a great tool :). This man page was first taken from Debian Linux and has since been loving updated here. REPORTING BUGS（报道中的缺陷） Please report bugs via https://bugzilla.redhat.com SEE ALSO（参考） The full documentation for tar is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and tar programs are properly installed at your site, the command info tar should give you access to the complete manual. AUTHORS（作者） Debian Linux http://www.debian.org/ Mike Frysinger <[email protected]> GNU Oct 2004 TAR(1) 上面的tar命令用法很复杂，可以看个简单的rm删除命令： [kf139@HA5-139JK bin]$ man rm RM(1) User Commands RM(1) NAME rm - remove files or directories SYNOPSIS rm [OPTION]... FILE... DESCRIPTION This manual page documents the GNU version of rm. rm removes each specified file. By default, it does not remove directories. If a file is unwritable, the standard input is a tty, and the -f or --force option is not given, rm prompts the user for whether to remove the file. If the response is not affirmative, the file is skipped. OPTIONS Remove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i, --interactive prompt before any removal --no-preserve-root do not treat ‘/’ specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on ‘/’ -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. To remove a file whose name starts with a ‘-’, for example ‘-foo’, use one of these commands: rm -- -foo rm ./-foo Note that if you use rm to remove a file, it is usually possible to recover the contents of that file. If you want more assurance that the contents are truly unrecoverable, consider using shred. AUTHOR Written by Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, Richard Stallman, and Jim Meyering. REPORTING BUGS Report bugs to <[email protected]>. COPYRIGHT Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software. You may redistribute copies of it under the terms of the GNU General Public License <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. SEE ALSO chattr(1), shred(1) The full documentation for rm is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and rm programs are properly installed at your site, the command info rm should give you access to the complete manual. rm 5.97 July 2009 RM(1) 五、Linux命令和Unix命令格式大致都一样，不同的系统，命令也可能不同。有些命令虽然选项很多，但不一定全支持。用的时候还是多试试为好，实践才是最可靠的检验标准，本文旨在让初学者能快速看懂man打印出命令帮助。欢迎拍砖！ |
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